Referências

Bibliografia consolidada

A lista abaixo agrega todas as referências citadas em qualquer página deste site, formatadas em estilo Vancouver. Cada entrada teve metadados verificados em PubMed (autor, periódico, volume, fascículo, páginas, ano, DOI/PMID). Documentos sem indexação no PubMed (relatórios institucionais como o Surgeon General Report de 1964) foram verificados via NLM Catalog ou registro oficial do editor.

1.

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2.

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3.

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4.

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5.

Byeon S, Lee W. Directed Acyclic Graphs for Clinical Research: A Tutorial. Journal of Minimally Invasive Surgery. 2023;26(3):97–107.

6.

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7.

Morabia A. Epidemiological Causality. History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences [Internet]. 2005;27(3-4):365–79. Disponível em: http://www.jstor.org/stable/23333898

8.

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9.

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10.

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11.

Bhatt DL, Steg PG, Miller M, Brinton EA, Jacobson TA, Ketchum SB, et al. Cardiovascular Risk Reduction with Icosapent Ethyl for Hypertriglyceridemia. New England Journal of Medicine. 2019;380(1):11–22.

12.

Nicholls SJ, Lincoff AM, Garcia M, Bash D, Ballantyne CM, Barter PJ, et al. Effect of High-Dose Omega-3 Fatty Acids vs Corn Oil on Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Patients at High Cardiovascular Risk: The STRENGTH Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2020;324(22):2268–80.

13.

Gencer B, Djousse L, Al-Ramady OT, Cook NR, Manson JE, Albert CM. Effect of Long-Term Marine Omega-3 Fatty Acids Supplementation on the Risk of Atrial Fibrillation in Randomized Controlled Trials of Cardiovascular Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Circulation. 2021;144(25):1981–90.

14.

Manson JE, Cook NR, Lee IM, Christen W, Bassuk SS, Mora S, et al. Vitamin D Supplements and Prevention of Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease. New England Journal of Medicine. 2019;380(1):33–44.

15.

Autier P, Boniol M, Pizot C, Mullie P. Vitamin D Status and Ill Health: A Systematic Review. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. 2014;2(1):76–89.

16.

Theodoratou E, Tzoulaki I, Zgaga L, Ioannidis JPA. Vitamin D and Multiple Health Outcomes: Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Observational Studies and Randomised Trials. BMJ. 2014;348:g2035.

17.

Zittermann A, Pilz S. Vitamin D and Cardiovascular Disease: An Update. Anticancer Research. 2019;39(9):4627–35.

18.

The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group. The Effect of Vitamin E and Beta Carotene on the Incidence of Lung Cancer and Other Cancers in Male Smokers. New England Journal of Medicine. 1994;330(15):1029–35.

19.

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20.

Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Manson JE, Stampfer M, Rosner B, Cook NR, et al. Lack of Effect of Long-Term Supplementation With Beta Carotene on the Incidence of Malignant Neoplasms and Cardiovascular Disease. New England Journal of Medicine. 1996;334(18):1145–9.

21.

Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Gluud LL, Simonetti RG, Gluud C. Mortality in Randomized Trials of Antioxidant Supplements for Primary and Secondary Prevention: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA. 2007;297(8):842–57.

22.

Stampfer MJ, Hennekens CH, Manson JE, Colditz GA, Rosner B, Willett WC. Vitamin E Consumption and the Risk of Coronary Disease in Women. New England Journal of Medicine. 1993;328(20):1444–9.

23.

Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Ascherio A, Giovannucci E, Colditz GA, Willett WC. Vitamin E Consumption and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Men. New England Journal of Medicine. 1993;328(20):1450–6.

24.

Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell’Infarto miocardico (GISSI-Prevenzione Investigators). Dietary Supplementation With n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Vitamin E After Myocardial Infarction: Results of the GISSI-Prevenzione Trial. Lancet. 1999;354(9177):447–55.

25.

Yusuf S, Dagenais G, Pogue J, Bosch J, Sleight P, The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. Vitamin E Supplementation and Cardiovascular Events in High-Risk Patients. New England Journal of Medicine. 2000;342(3):154–60.

26.

Miller ER, Pastor-Barriuso R, Dalal D, Riemersma RA, Appel LJ, Guallar E. Meta-Analysis: High-Dosage Vitamin E Supplementation May Increase All-Cause Mortality. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2005;142(1):37–46.

27.

Klein EA, Thompson IM, Tangen CM, Crowley JJ, Lucia MS, Goodman PJ, et al. Vitamin E and the Risk of Prostate Cancer: The Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT). JAMA. 2011;306(14):1549–56.

28.

Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Colditz GA, Rosner B, Speizer FE, Hennekens CH. A Prospective Study of Postmenopausal Estrogen Therapy and Coronary Heart Disease. New England Journal of Medicine. 1985;313(17):1044–9.

29.

Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Manson JE, Rosner B, Speizer FE, et al. Postmenopausal Estrogen Therapy and Cardiovascular Disease: Ten-Year Follow-Up From the Nurses’ Health Study. New England Journal of Medicine. 1991;325(11):756–62.

30.

Hulley S, Grady D, Bush T, Furberg C, Herrington D, Riggs B, et al. Randomized Trial of Estrogen Plus Progestin for Secondary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease in Postmenopausal Women: Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study (HERS). JAMA. 1998;280(7):605–13.

31.

Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, LaCroix AZ, Kooperberg C, Stefanick ML, et al. Risks and Benefits of Estrogen Plus Progestin in Healthy Postmenopausal Women: Principal Results From the Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA. 2002;288(3):321–33.

32.

Manson JE, Chlebowski RT, Stefanick ML, Aragaki AK, Rossouw JE, Prentice RL, et al. Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Health Outcomes During the Intervention and Extended Poststopping Phases of the Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Trials. JAMA. 2013;310(13):1353–68.

33.

Manson JE, Aragaki AK, Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, LaCroix AZ, et al. Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Long-term All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality: The Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Trials. JAMA. 2017;318(10):927–38.

34.

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35.

Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST) Investigators. Preliminary Report: Effect of Encainide and Flecainide on Mortality in a Randomized Trial of Arrhythmia Suppression After Myocardial Infarction. New England Journal of Medicine. 1989;321(6):406–12.

36.

Echt DS, Liebson PR, Mitchell LB, Peters RW, Obias-Manno D, Barker AH, et al. Mortality and Morbidity in Patients Receiving Encainide, Flecainide, or Placebo: The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial. New England Journal of Medicine. 1991;324(12):781–8.

37.

Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial II Investigators. Effect of the Antiarrhythmic Agent Moricizine on Survival After Myocardial Infarction. New England Journal of Medicine. 1992;327(4):227–33.

38.

Greene HL, Roden DM, Katz RJ, Woosley RL, Salerno DM, Henthorn RW. The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial: First CAST ... Then CAST-II. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1992;19(5):894–8.

39.

U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Smoking and Health: Report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service [Internet]. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health, Education,; Welfare, Public Health Service; 1964. Report No.: 1103. Disponível em: https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/ext/document/101584932X202/PDF/101584932X202.pdf

40.

VanderWeele TJ, Ding P. Sensitivity Analysis in Observational Research: Introducing the E-Value. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2017;167(4):268–74.

41.

Hernán MA, Robins JM. Using Big Data to Emulate a Target Trial When a Randomized Trial Is Not Available. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2016;183(8):758–64.

42.

Shimonovich M, Pearce A, Thomson H, Keyes K, Katikireddi SV. Assessing Causality in Epidemiology: Revisiting Bradford Hill to Incorporate Developments in Causal Thinking. European Journal of Epidemiology. 2021;36(9):873–87.

43.

Lesko CR, Fox MP. An Evolved Interpretation of Austin Bradford Hill’s Causal Viewpoints and Their Influence on Epidemiologic Methods. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2025;194(6):1476–81.

44.

Savitz DA, Pearce N, Rothman KJ. Hill’s Considerations Are Not Causal Criteria. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 2025;190:112087.

45.

Gvozdenović E, Malvisi L, Cinconze E, Vansteelandt S, Nakanwagi P, Aris E, et al. Causal Inference Concepts Applied to Three Observational Studies in the Context of Vaccine Development: From Theory to Practice. BMC Medical Research Methodology. 2021;21(1):35.

46.

Frank JW. Epidemiological Criteria for Causation Applied to Human Health Harms From RF-EMF Exposure: Bradford Hill Revisited. Frontiers in Public Health. 2025;13:1559868.

47.

Shakir SAW, Layton D. Causal Association in Pharmacovigilance and Pharmacoepidemiology: Thoughts on the Application of the Austin Bradford-Hill Criteria. Drug Safety. 2002;25(6):467–71.

48.

Suzuki E, Yamamoto E. Strength in Causality: Discerning Causal Mechanisms in the Sufficient Cause Model. European Journal of Epidemiology. 2021;36(9):899–908.

49.

Ioannidis JPA. Exposure-Wide Epidemiology: Revisiting Bradford Hill. Statistics in Medicine. 2016;35(11):1749–62.

50.

Olsen J, Jensen UJ. Causal Criteria: Time Has Come for a Revision. European Journal of Epidemiology. 2019;34(6):537–41.

51.

Cox LA. Modernizing the Bradford Hill Criteria for Assessing Causal Relationships in Observational Data. Critical Reviews in Toxicology. 2018;48(8):682–712.

52.

Schünemann H, Hill S, Guyatt G, Akl EA, Ahmed F. The GRADE Approach and Bradford Hill’s Criteria for Causation. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2011;65(5):392–5.